Peptic Ulcer Disease: What Causes It and How Antibiotics and Acid Reducers Fix It

Peptic ulcer disease isn’t just a bad stomach ache. It’s a real break in the lining of your stomach or upper intestine - deep enough to expose sensitive tissue to stomach acid. About 8 million people worldwide deal with it every year. For decades, people blamed stress, spicy food, or too much coffee. But since 1982, we’ve known the real culprits: H. pylori bacteria and common painkillers like ibuprofen and aspirin.

What’s Really Causing Your Ulcer?

Most peptic ulcers come from one of two places: infection or medication. H. pylori is a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the stomach lining. It doesn’t just survive in acid - it digs in, weakens the protective mucus layer, and triggers inflammation. About 50% of people with duodenal ulcers and 30-50% with gastric ulcers have this infection, according to Merck Manuals.

The other big cause? NSAIDs - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. That includes ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and even low-dose aspirin taken daily for heart health. These drugs block enzymes that help protect the stomach lining. In fact, NSAIDs now cause more than half of all peptic ulcers, especially in older adults who rely on them for arthritis or chronic pain.

Smoking and heavy drinking make things worse. Smokers are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop ulcers. People who drink more than three alcoholic drinks a day raise their risk by 300%. Stress doesn’t cause ulcers directly, but it can slow healing and make symptoms feel worse.

How Do You Know You Have One?

The classic sign is a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen - right below the breastbone. It often comes on when your stomach is empty, like between meals or at night. Some people say eating or taking antacids makes it better. Others feel full fast, get nauseous, or can’t tolerate greasy foods.

But red flags mean you need help right away: vomiting blood (looks like coffee grounds), black or tarry stools, sudden sharp stomach pain, or unexplained weight loss. These could mean bleeding, a hole in the intestine, or a blockage. Don’t wait. Go to a doctor.

Diagnosis isn’t guesswork. You’ll need an endoscopy - a thin camera passed down your throat to see the ulcer. Doctors will also test for H. pylori using a breath test, stool sample, or biopsy during the endoscopy. Blood tests aren’t reliable for current infections because they show past exposure, not active bugs.

Antibiotics: The Real Cure for H. pylori

If you have an H. pylori infection, antibiotics are your best shot at a permanent fix. Without them, ulcers come back in 70% of cases. With them? Down to 10%.

The standard treatment is called triple therapy: two antibiotics plus a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), taken for 7 to 14 days. Common combos include:

• Pantoprazole + clarithromycin + amoxicillin
• Pantoprazole + clarithromycin + metronidazole
• Lansoprazole + amoxicillin + metronidazole

Some places now use quadruple therapy - adding bismuth (like Pepto-Bismol) - especially where clarithromycin resistance is high. In the U.S., resistance is now over 35%, so this is becoming first-line in many clinics.

Side effects are common. Many people get diarrhea, nausea, or a strange metallic taste - especially with metronidazole. Some feel dizzy or lose their appetite. But here’s the catch: skipping doses or stopping early is the #1 reason treatment fails. You have to finish the full course, even if you feel better after day three.

After treatment, your doctor will retest you - usually with a stool test - to make sure the bacteria are gone. If it’s still there, they’ll try a different antibiotic combo.

Acid-Reducing Medications: Letting the Ulcer Heal

Antibiotics kill the bug, but acid-reducing drugs give your lining time to heal. Two types are used: proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 blockers.

PPIs are the gold standard. They shut down acid production almost completely for 24 to 72 hours. Common ones include:

• Omeprazole (Prilosec)
• Esomeprazole (Nexium)
• Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
• Pantoprazole (Protonix)
• Rabeprazole (AcipHex)

They work best when taken 30 to 60 minutes before breakfast - sometimes before dinner too. Taking them with food reduces their effect.

H2 blockers like famotidine (Pepcid) and cimetidine (Tagamet) help too, but they’re weaker. They only block acid for 10 to 12 hours. Most doctors now use them only if PPIs aren’t tolerated.

Patients on Drugs.com rate omeprazole at 6.2/10, esomeprazole at 6.8/10. About half say they work well. But long-term use? That’s where concerns pop up. The FDA warns about possible risks: lower vitamin B12 levels, higher fracture risk in older adults, and rare kidney issues. That’s why doctors don’t recommend PPIs longer than needed.

What If You Can’t Stop Taking NSAIDs?

If you’re on daily aspirin for your heart or ibuprofen for arthritis, stopping isn’t always an option. In that case, your doctor might:

• Switch you to a COX-2 inhibitor like celecoxib (Celebrex) - easier on the stomach
• Prescribe a PPI long-term to protect your lining
• Recommend misoprostol (Cytotec), a drug that replaces protective prostaglandins

Some people switch to acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain. It doesn’t harm the stomach lining like NSAIDs do. But don’t take more than 3,000 mg a day - too much can damage your liver.

What About Rebound Acid?

Many people who stop PPIs suddenly notice their heartburn comes back - worse than before. That’s called rebound acid hypersecretion. Your stomach overcompensates after being quiet for weeks. It’s not dangerous, but it’s uncomfortable.

The fix? Don’t quit cold turkey. Work with your doctor to slowly lower the dose over a few weeks. Sometimes switching to an H2 blocker for a bit helps ease the transition.

The Future: Faster, Smarter Treatment

There’s new hope on the horizon. In January 2023, the FDA approved vonoprazan - a new type of acid blocker called a potassium-competitive acid blocker. It works faster and stronger than PPIs, with eradication rates hitting 90% in trials. It’s already used in Japan and is starting to show up in U.S. clinics.

Doctors are also moving toward personalized treatment. Instead of guessing which antibiotics will work, they’re testing for bacterial resistance before prescribing. By 2025, 60% of H. pylori treatments are expected to be guided by these tests - up from just 15% in 2022.

Even with better drugs, lifestyle matters. Quit smoking. Cut back on alcohol. Avoid NSAIDs unless necessary. Eat regular meals. Stress won’t cause ulcers, but it can delay healing.

Final Takeaway

Peptic ulcer disease is no longer a life sentence. It’s one of the most treatable conditions in gastroenterology. If you have symptoms, get tested for H. pylori and review your meds. Antibiotics can cure the root cause. PPIs let your body heal. And if you’re on NSAIDs long-term, there are safer ways to manage it.

The key? Don’t ignore the pain. Don’t stop meds early. And don’t assume it’s just ‘indigestion.’ With the right approach, most people are symptom-free in weeks - and ulcer-free for good.